Accurate pathloss modeling is vital for efficient 5G network planning, especially in urban environments. This study presents the propagation characteristics of fifth generation (5G) signals and compares three candidate propagation pathloss models—Free Space (FS), Close-In (CI), and Alpha-Beta-Gamma (ABG)—in urban macro-cellular scenarios at 3.5 GHz. Data acquisition was carried out through a drive test approach and the signal strength data was collected using TEMS Investigation software, a spectrum analyzer, a GPS device, and a laptop, all installed in a vehicle moving at 30 km/h. Measurements were taken from 10 m up to 1.5 km and the average reference signal strength values obtained were converted into pathloss values for further analysis. Data from ten measurement routes were used for model evaluation. The results revealed that, the pathloss exponent (n) for the line-of-sight (LOS) scenario was 2.29, which falls within the expected range for urban environments. Among the models evaluated, the CI model demonstrated a reasonably good fit with a root mean square error (RMSE) of 7.37 dBm. In contrast, both the FS and ABG models overestimated the pathloss in the measured environment. A linear iterative tuning technique was applied to optimize the CI model parameters, resulting in a refined model with a reduced RMSE of 5.85 dBm which is within the acceptable ITU-R range =6 dB.The refined CI model offers better accuracy in predicting pathloss in urban areas and can help network providers enhance 5G service quality and user experience.
5G network, ABG, close-in, pathloss exponent, wireless channel
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